Gray histograms indicate Google Scholar profiles of questionable data quality.
Darker bars precede the award year; lighter bars include the award year and all later years.
cites at award estimates citations before the award year: total citations minus captured annual citations from the award year onward, including the award year.
As an example, for a 2023 award, we subtract citations in 2023 and every later captured year.
This is approximate because histories may be incomplete and Google Scholar records can change; blank values mean the required data is unavailable.
Awards before 1986 show "-" because they predate the citation-history window.